International Studies Program¹
at the Andrew Young School of Policy Studies

The mission of the International Studies Program (ISP) is to provide academic and technical training, research and technical assistance in support of sound public policy and sustainable economic growth in transition and developing economies. Jorge Martinez-Vazquez directs the International Studies Program.

Projects

Indonesia Masters Program. The proposal for a second year of the Indonesian Masters Degree program in economics was successful and ISP was awarded $1.2 million for the continuance of the program. The main goal of this cooperative agreement has been to bring 20 Indonesian university and government workers to Georgia State University in order to earn masters degrees in economic policy. The school is applying its nationally recognized expertise in public finance research and economics instruction in this one-year program designed to improve the capabilities of Indonesia's outer-lying districts and local governments, as the country moves rapidly to decentralize its fiscal operations.

After completing a month-long training program designed to provide the participants with a review of basic economic theories and tools in Manila, the Philippines, students arrived in Atlanta in August to begin their M.A. in Economics. They will graduate in early June after finishing their final class during May, and return to their former positions in Indonesia as local government workers and University lecturers.

The group is composed of students from universities stretching the entire archipelago of the country, from Syiah Kuala University in Banda Aceh, to Sam Ratulangi University in Manado, to Cendrawasih University in Jayapura. A special feature of the program is visiting scholar, Dr. Sri Mulyani Indrawati. The director of LPEM (Faculty of Economics), at the University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Dr. Indrawati is teaching and mentoring the students, giving special lectures and presentations, and collaborating with GSU faculty members on several articles & reports on Indonesian Economics.

The program is co-directed by James Alm and Jorge Martinez-Vazquez.

Indonesia University Deans Visit. The Andrew Young School hosted in Atlanta Deans and administrators from several regional Indonesian universities, including officials from Syiah Kuala University, Sam Ratulangi University, Mulawarman University, and Cendrawasih University from February 25 through March 3, 2002. The purpose of the Deans' visit was to aid in building the institutional capacity of Indonesian Economics Departments through discussions, interactions, and observations at the Andrew Young School of Policy Studies. Together with their colleagues at the Andrew Young School, the Deans discussed departmental curriculum issues, met with Georgia State University administrators to learn about budgeting, college planning, admissions, and personnel issues, and observed graduate level courses attended by the Indonesian Masters Students. Discussions were also held regarding possible future exchanges and formal ties between these Indonesian Universities and the Andrew Young School of Policy Studies and the introduction of distance learning systems between institutions.

Tanzania. In Tanzania this year Dr. Jameson Boex, Dr. Roy Bahl and Dr. Jorge Martinez have been working on the “Development of a System for Allocating Grants to Local Government Authorities in Tanzania” study. The ISP will provide technical assistance based on a solid understanding of transfer design issues and the particular situation in Tanzania. The objective of the study is to analyze the shortcomings of the present system of intergovernmental transfers and propose equitable and transparent options for allocating grants to local government authorities in Tanzania. Dr. Boex, Dr Martinez and Dr. Bahl have been working with the Indonesian Government and technical experts to achieve this objective. Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA). ($177,827).

Peace Corps. Georgia State University has a close working relationship with the Regional Peace Corps Office in Atlanta. This relationship has been enhanced with the Proposal for a Peace Corps Master’s International Program for a Masters of Economics, Masters of Economics-Policy Track, and Masters of Public Administration, a partnership between the Andrew Young School of Policy Studies and the Peace Corps. Within the Andrew Young School, students would be able to obtain a masters degree within the Department of Economics or the Department of Public Administration and Urban Studies.

Each student will work closely, with an academic advisor to exploit the synergy potential between classroom work, field experience, thesis research, directed readings, and internships, including overseas assignments.

The students will receive financial aid for their program of study. The AYSPS holds seven tuition waivers that allow out of state students to pay in-state tuition ($125.00 per credit hour for in-state versus $501.00 for out of state). These waivers are assigned to students based on criteria set by the College. Additionally, Masters students often receive assistantships that waive tuition and also provide a small stipend. The Peace Corps candidates are eligible and will compete for these waivers.

India. The AYSPS is continuing to provide consultancies on Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations in India. Acting on a request from the Government of India to study financial decentralization up to the grassroots level, the World Bank has retained Professor Roy Bahl as part of a four-member team of experts to provide an assessment of the success of the panchayat system of the local government system in India.

Fiscal Policy Summer Training Program 2002. The International Studies Program conducted a seven-week Fiscal Policy Summer Training Program. The training program, consisting of two two-week courses (Revenue Forecasting and Public Budgeting) as well as a three-week course (Fiscal Decentralization), was designed by economics faculty from the Andrew Young School of Policy Studies and took place on the GSU campus in Atlanta, Ga. Senior government officials and donor agency representatives from Africa, Asia and Latin America attended the program. Training included intensive classroom sessions featuring lectures, fiscal policy analysis and simulations, case studies, group discussions, country-specific individual projects and field visits to relevant government offices such as the DeKalb County Tax Assessors office and the office of the Budgetary Responsibility Oversight Committee. This is a tuition-based program ($290,000) and has been successfully conducted every summer since the year 2000.

Jamie Boex managed numerous facets of the Fiscal Policy Summer Training Courses, and led a series of workshops on fiscal analysis issues, intergovernmental grant design, and multi-year budgeting. Ross Rubenstein coordinated and taught the training seminar, "Budgeting and Fiscal Management," in August 2002. Faculty throughout the school, including James Alm, Kelly Edmiston, Jorge Martinez-Vazquez, Bruce Seaman, David Sjoquist, Mary Beth Walker, and Katherine Willoughby, gave lectures.

Russia World Bank. The AYSPS continues to be involved in the “Development of Federal and Regional Legislation on
Inter-Budgetary Relations and Sub-Federal Finances” study in the Russian federation. The Andrew Young School of Policy Studies teamed up with the Institute for the Economy in Transition and the Fiscal Policy Center to build on its considerable experience as one of primary technical assistance provider to the Russian government in the area of fiscal decentralization and intergovernmental fiscal relations. Dr. Martinez and Dr. Boex traveled to the Russian Federation in March to continue providing technical assistance and advice. The project provides technical assistance to the Russian Federation Ministry of Finance and is funded by a loan from the World Bank. The project's overall aim is to increase the effectiveness of regional and local government bodies in promoting economic development and providing public services. Achievement of this objective requires solution of two related problems: (1) supporting the development and implementation of rational and responsible financial and economic policies by regional and local government bodies; and (2) increasing the financial, institutional, and organizational capacity of regional and local authorities to develop and implement effective budget policies and financial management reforms. Dr. Martinez and Dr. Boex will continue to offer their expertise in this matter. ($473,750)

Summary of Report Outputs Completed during July – December 2002 for the Russia World Bank Project include:

• Expenditure Assignment Among Different Levels of Government: Concepts and International Practices (March 2002)
• Russia's System of Federal Budget Support of the Subjects of the Federation: Concepts, Analysis and International Experience (March 2002)
• The VAT and the Retail Sales Tax in the Russian Federation (August 2002)
  In 1998, a sales tax was reintroduced in the Russian Federation. Previously, regional governments had the authority to levy a sales tax of up to 5 percent. The introduction of a sales tax was a government compromise aimed at appeasing regional governments when the federal government reduced the sharing of the VAT. Currently, a plan is being implemented to eliminate the sales tax completely. Under the effective legislation the sales tax shall cease in 2004 unless changes are made once again to the legislation. Thus, the Russian Government is again in the midst of an important tax policy decision. It involves the structure and composition of indirect taxation, revenue assignments between the federal and subnational governments, and more in particular, the choice of the general consumption tax between the VAT and a retail sales tax (RST).
• A Review of Piggy-Back Taxes: Opportunities for Subnational Surtaxes in the Russian Federation (August 2002)
  As the Russian Federation is transitioning towards a new federalism, piggy-back taxes (subnational surtaxes) have often been touted as a good solution to provide subnational levels of government in the Russian Federation with a certain level of tax autonomy. However, so far no single study has provided a comprehensive overview of what exactly piggy-back taxes are; what conceptual issues should be considered before implementing a piggyback tax; which taxes are suited for piggyback collection, and which are not; and what is the international experience in this regard?
• The Case for Independent Subnational Tax Administration in the Russian Federation (August 2002)
  Over the last decade Russia’s regional and local governments have assumed responsibility over a significant part of public services including education and health care. However, the devolution of revenue-raising authority lagged behind. Initially subnational governments had discretion only over the property tax and a dozen nuisance charges. The bulk of subnational revenue was coming from intergovernmental transfers and shared tax revenue, annually adjusted to cover the approved “minimum budget.” In 1994, regional government’s share of revenue from the federal tax on enterprise profits was turned into a regional surtax with a rate of up to 22 percent. In 1998, regional governments gained the right to introduce a regional sales tax of up to 5 percent and a tax of up to 20 percent on presumptive income, defined according to physical indicators (commercial area, employees, productive capacity, etc.). As of 2001, the revenue from these discretionary taxes constitutes 45 percent of subnational pre-transfer revenues and covers 33 percent of subnational expenditures. Thus, in principle, local governments can affect the level of public spending by alternating the rates of these taxes. The logical question is whether they should collect their own taxes independently from the federal tax service.
• Improving Regional-Local Fiscal Relations in Russia (October 2002)
  Although the regional-local dimension of public finance is of high concern for the Russian federal government, it is often overlooked in federal policy decisions. For example, in Russia, tax policy authority is practically monopolized by the federal government. However, the legislated tax system cannot accommodate various structures of local government established within Russian regions. The federal Ministry of Finance does not directly deal with local governments and has to rely on the information received from regional authorities. At the same time, local governments carry out the bulk of subnational expenditures while the regional level mostly provides liaison between the federal and local authorities. Most of the subnational fiscal problems that the federal government has to solve by means of bailouts are concentrated at the local level (e.g., housing and utilities). As the federal government is constrained in addressing the local sector directly, it has to rely on the general framework for regional-local relations that would embed incentives for necessary structural adjustments.
• The Practice of Negative Transfers at the Local Government Level (October 2002)
  The main goal of this note is to explore the feasibility and appropriateness of negative transfers at the sub-regional level in the Russian Federation as the means to equalize the existing disparities in revenue capacity and expenditure needs among local governments. Negative transfers are direct payments by richer local governments into an equalization fund that is distributed among the poorer local governments within the region. Payments into and from the equalization fund can be administered by formula or on an ad hoc basis. These forms of equalization systems can be complex and have positive and negative features.
• The Determination of the Subnational Salary Structure (December 2002)
  In many countries, the national government mandates subnational governments to follow a predetermined national salary structure for regional and local employees. Such a mandate greatly reduces the ability of regional and local governments to exercise any measure of autonomy over its budgetary resources. What is the rationale for imposing such a mandate? What are the pros and cons in imposing such a mandated subnational salary structure? What is the international experience in this regard? If a country wanted to move to increase subnational fiscal autonomy, what would be practical ways to reduce the impact of such a mandated subnational salary structure? Of course, this question is closely related to the issues of unfunded mandates and civil service reforms.

Russian Federation USAID Project. The ISP continues to be a subcontractor to Delloite and Touche Tohmatsu on the USAID-sponsored Fiscal Decentralization Project. Under this project, the ISP provides technical experience to the Russian Center for Fiscal Policy as it continues its role as primary U.S. technical assistance provider to the Russian government in the area of fiscal decentralization and intergovernmental fiscal relations. Through the Russian Center for Fiscal Policy, the ISP continues to work with the Russian Ministry of Finance, the State Duma, and regional governments to increase the efficiency and equity of the system of intergovernmental fiscal relations in the Russian Federation. Jorge Martinez-Vazquez and Jamie Boex have been providing continual advice and reports on these policy issues. ($225,000)

Bangladesh. Dr. Jameson Boex visited Bangladesh twice this year to provide his technical expertise and advice in the role of a Fiscal Decentralization expert. These activities are part of a follow-up Technical Support Mission in light of the SPPD (Support for Program and Project Development): Promoting Policy on Local Governance & Decentralization in Bangladesh. His main activity was to review the overall status and any recent change in government policy on decentralization and local government reform. This included reviews with UNDP staff, the status of re-strategizing and redesign of ongoing UNDP projects (BCLG, UCEP, FLGPR, LLP) as well as providing substantive input. He also reviewed the status of, and provided guidance and support to, the studies being undertaken by national consultants. Dr. Boex will make another trip to Bangladesh next year to continue his work. ($40,000)

An Academic Partnership in Support of Sound Public Policy in the West Bank and Gaza. The ISP established a comprehensive partnership with the Center for Studies, Consultations and Technical Services (CSCTS) at An-Najah National University (ANNU), in Nablus, West Bank, in 2001/2002. This year, Dr. Boex attended the ALO (Association Liaison Office) for University Cooperation in Development conference in Washington to discuss the progress of the partnership with An-Najah University. The video recordings of a related virtual seminar held in December 2001 were posted in January 2002. The curriculum review was also completed this year.

The overarching objective of the partnership is to achieve more responsive and accountable government in the Palestinian territories by building human capacity in academia, government, and civil society through education and training. Instead of merely proposing an exchange of faculty or students, this partnership develops a truly integrated partnership, with joint activities in academic development, applied research, and outreach and training. Specifically, the partnership aims to enhance the academic and outreach capacities of ANNU in the field of public policy; build a strong and enduring relationship between ANNU and AYSPS; encourage sound policy reforms; and jointly engage in direct outreach activities (technical assistance, applied research and training activities) that will result in more responsive and accountable government. A no-cost extension was granted for the partnership until September 2003. ($98,000)

Indonesia Decentralization. The ISP is concluding contract negotiations for an $800,000 contract through the SUM Indefinite Quantity Contract with PADCO to provide technical advisory services in the area of fiscal decentralization to the government of Indonesia. USAID-Indonesia.

Reports

International Studies Program Working Papers

Visiting Scholars

Dr. Mark Rider*** is Associate Professor of Economics at the Michael J. Coles College of Business, Kennesaw State University, and served as senior research fellow at the International Studies Program.

Dr. Sri Mulyani Indrawati, the Director of LPEM (Faculty of Economics) at the University of Indonesia in Jakarta, was a visiting faculty member at the Andrew Young School from August 2001 to Nov. 2002. She taught and mentored the Indonesian students in the Indonesian Masters program as well as gave several seminar presentations and co-authored articles and reports with faculty. She recently accepted a post as the country liaison for Indonesia at the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

Dr. Huang Ran is the Deputy Director of the Policy Division and is responsible for policy studies and the medium-long term fiscal planning in the Ministry of Finance in China. He was a visiting scholar at the International Studies Program of the Andrew Young School of Policy Studies from June 2002 to December 2002. Dr. Huang’s current research focuses on fiscal reform in transitional economies and a research study called “Non-tax Revenue: Chinese Experience and Some Normative Issues” is currently in progress.

Yang Yuangen was a visiting scholar at the International Studies Program of the Andrew Young School of Policy Studies from June 2002 to June 2003. He was here at GSU to study different aspects of the American Fiscal Policy system.

Dr. Zhihua Zhang from the Ministry of Finance of China was a visiting scholar at the International Studies Program during May-June 2002. Professor Zhang collaborated with Jorge Martinez-Vazquez on a paper, "The System of Equalization Transfers in China."

Dr. Atul Sarma, Professor of Economics, Indian Statistical Institute, Delhi Centre, and Director (Non-Executive) of the Steel Authority of India, was a visiting scholar in the ISP from March 18 through April 18, 2002. He presented seminars on "A Decade of India's Fiscal Reform" and "The Working of Fiscal Federalism in India." Professor Sarma collaborated with various faculty members and was available to Ph.D. and Master's students. Professor Sarma's current research focuses on power sector reforms in India and a research study called "Power Sector Reforms in India: Learning from Private Sector Management" that he has initiated is in progress. Recently he finished a study entitled "Emerging Indo-ASEAN Economic Partnership in a Globalizing World," which is forthcoming in published form.

Mr. Manoj Shrestha was a visiting scholar with the Andrew Young School at GSU from February 15 through March 28, 2002. Mr. Shrestha, an Under-Secretary with the Ministry of Local Development in Nepal, visited the School as part of the Humphrey Fellowship Program, dividing his time between the Andrew Young School and the Daniel J. Evans School of Public Affairs at University of Washington in Seattle. The Humphrey Fellowship is funded by the U.S. Department of State, and managed by the Institute of International Education (IIE). Mr. Shrestha was engaged in research on fiscal decentralization issues relevant to Nepal, collaborated with AYSPS faculty, and gave several visiting lectures.

Mr. Andrei Timofeev is a visiting scholar at the International Studies Program from September 2001 through May 2002. Andrei was a member of the GSU team of the Fiscal Reform Project in the Russian Federation. He is currently finishing his dissertation for his Ph.D. in Economics from CERGE at Charles University in Prague. His thesis examines the relationship between fiscal federalism and growth in the context of transition economies.

Wu Xue is a visiting scholar at the International Studies Program. The focus of her research is on tax assignment and tax reform. She is a senior editor for the Fiscal Science Research Institute of the Ministry of Finance of China.

Other Visitors

Professor Nuzhat Ahmad, Director of the Applied Economics Research Center (AERC) at the University of Karachi, visited the Andrew Young School on April 30, 2002 as part of the Eisenhower Fellowship Program. Discussions between Professor Ahmad, Dean Roy Bahl, and senior faculty members focused on the mutual desire to develop avenues of cooperation between the Andrew Young School and the AERC. Due to the complementary nature of their missions and strengths, the Andrew Young School and AERC are preparing to engage in an academic partnership with a variety of activities, possibly encompassing faculty exchanges, and capacity building activities, as well as joint research and training programs.

Professor Bambang Brodjonegoro, Director of LPEM at the University of Indonesia, visited the Andrew Young School, October 14-16, 2002, as part of the Eisenhower Fellowship Program. The purpose of Professor Brodjonegoro's visit was to examine a variety of issues pertaining to regional economic development, local governance, fiscal accountability, and intergovernmental relations during his fellowship. During his visit, he met with Kevin Fillion, Director of the State Budgetary Responsibility and Oversight Committee, Andrea Arnold of the Decatur city local government, and Jerry Griffin, the Executive Director of the Association of County Commissioners of Georgia. He also met with Jorge Martinez-Vazquez, Roy Bahl, and James Alm at the Andrew Young School.

Dr. Quan Dinh, Senior Economic Advisor at USAID-Jakarta visited the Indonesia Program in late December 2002. He is the technical officer for the Indonesian Masters Program. Dr. Dinh was visiting GSU for a chance to see and talk with the students, get their feedback on the program, and meet with the faculty and staff involved with the students. Discussions were held regarding ways to improve the program in the future.

Carey Yeager, USAID-Jakarta, visited in October 2002 and gave a lecture to the Indonesia Masters Program students. She presented "An Economics Rationale for Incorporating Conservation/Ecological Considerations into Economic Models and Planning."

Annual Distinguished Visiting Professor Lecture Series. Distinguished Visiting Professor Richard Bird, Professor Emeritus at the University of Toronto and Adjunct Professor and Director of the International Tax Program at Rotman School of Management, one of the foremost experts in public finance in developing countries, presented a series of lectures on fiscal policy issues with an emphasis on developing countries during March 2002. He also gave two lectures on the VAT to our Indonesia Masters Program students.

International Studies Program Lecture Series

Conferences

The ISP held the conference Can Decentralization Help Rebuild Indonesia? May 2-3, 2002, in Stone Mountain, Ga. The conference, sponsored by the Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, brought together senior Indonesian policy makers and government officials with leading public policy experts from around the globe to discuss and present papers on various issues of decentralization. Jorge Martinez-Vazquez, James Alm, and Sri Mulyani Indrawati organized the conference. Participants included:

Presentations and papers included:

Introductory Remarks
Prof. Jorge Martinez-Vazquez

Alternative Perspectives on the "Big Bang" of Indonesian Decentralization

An Insider's Perspective
Ryaas Rasyid

Political Reforms, Decentralization and Democratic Consolidation
Dwight King

A Macroeconomic Perspective
Max Alier

A Political Economy Perspective
Bert Hofman and Kai Kaiser

Administrative Issue of a Political Economy Perspective
Bert Hoffman

Fiscal Issues
Kai Kaiser

Assigning Expenditure Responsibilities and the Local Taxes To Finance Them

Expenditure Assignments under Emerging Decentralization
Paul Smoke

Combining Expenditure Assignment and Revenue Assignment
Machfud Sidik and Kadjatmiko

Evaluation Criteria and the Efforts to Increase Local Tax Base
Robert Simanjuntak

Managing Local Revenue in Indonesia
Raksaka Mahi

Natural Resource Taxes and Their Sharing among Different Levels of Government
Roy Bahl and Bayar Tumennasan

An Analysis of Indonesia's Transfer System
Jorge Martinez-Vazquez and Bambang Brodjonegoro

Decentralization and Local Government Borrowing
James Alm and Sri Mulyani Indrawati

Lessons for the Future of Decentralization in Indonesia
Indonesia: Risks Abound, A Case for Decentralization
Marsillam Simandjuntak

The Implementation of Regional Autonomy
Made Suwandi

Decentralization - Challenge for Fiscal Sustainability
Anggito Abimanyu

International Lessons for the Future of Decentralization in Indonesia
Anwar Shah and Theresa Thompson

Taxation of Human Capital
Sally Wallace and Jorge Martinez-Vazquez

Current Indefinite Quantity Contracts (IQC)

The ISP is a member of several USAID Indefinite Quantity Contract (IQC) consortia. These contracts give USAID quick and easy way to contract out advisory services to the ISP.

Strategic Policy and Institutional Reform (SPIR) IQC, Development Alternatives, Inc. (DAI). This IQC provides services to support strategic policy and institutional reform that strengthens accountability, transparency, and effectiveness. The contract is designed to assist host country institutions and organizations and USAID in addressing policy and institutional reform issues through democratic processes. The contract addresses the frequently fatal gap between broad policy pronouncements and the tough challenges of effective institutional reform. Through the SPIR IQC, the DAI/AYSPS team can assist with programs that cut across a variety of sectors and across governance subsectors, for example, fiscal decentralization reform, local government reform, legislative strengthening, and anti-corruption in the public sector.

Sustainable Urban Management (SUM) IQC, PADCO Consortium. The SUM IQC provides advisory services, technical assistance, and training in support of USAID's goal of well-managed urbanization, and the Environment Center's strategic support objective of improved management of urbanization in targeted areas. Managed by the Office of Environment and Urban Programs, the SUM IQC delivers services in these four functional areas: expanded and equitable delivery of urban services and shelter; more effective, responsive and accountable local governments; reduced urban pollution; and credit program monitoring.

Fiscal Reform and Development in the ENI Region IQC, Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Consortium. At a time when governments in emerging economies and donor agencies must achieve greater results with fewer resources, proven consulting ability is essential to cost-effective, successful development efforts. Working in partnership with donors, governments, enterprises and local communities, the International Studies Program and Deloitte's Emerging Markets Group have achieved positive results on technical assistance projects around the world.

Support for Economic Growth and Institutional Reform (SEGIR) Financial Services IQC, Chemonics Consortium. Under the Financial Services IQC (USAID/Global Bureau), the International Studies Program is able to help developing and transition countries develop the policies, markets, financial instruments, and institutional linkages necessary for a well-functioning financial sector.

Proposals Under Review

The School applied in October 2002 to serve as a host university for the Hubert H. Humphrey Fellowship Program. Designation as a host for the Humphrey Fellowship Program would greatly complement and further enrich the School's international focus. Jorge Martinez-Vazquez and Jameson Boex.

$50,000 proposal to the World Bank with International Business & Technical Consultants, Inc. (IBTCI) for the Regional Fiscal Technical Assistance Project, Fiscal Statistic Database Development Project, December 2002, Jorge Martinez-Vazquez and Jameson Boex.

$80,000 proposal in October 2002 to the Ministry of Finance of Swaziland for the Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfers Study in Swaziland by Jorge Martinez-Vazquez and Jameson Boex.

$558,000 unsolicited proposal to USAID for an Academic Partnership in Support of Sound Public Policy and Good Governance in Pakistan, submitted February 15, 2002 by Jorge Martinez-Vazquez and Jameson Boex.

Awards and Honors

In November 2002, GSU's Office of International Affairs recognized the contributions made by the International Studies Program at the Andrew Young School towards the University's vision of global service. The International Excellence Awards Ceremony marked the University's first annual event to recognize individuals from within the GSU community who have made notable contributions to international education over the past year.

International Studies Program Web site

The International Studies Program Web site, home to the ISP Working Paper Series and other materials relevant for fiscal policy experts and practitioners, underwent a major face-lift and expansion in 2002. A quarterly electronic newsletter, the “International Studies Program Update,” was added to further disseminate information regarding ISP programs. Jamie Boex, Paul Benson, and Tao Jiang manage the Web site.

1. For a complete listing of AYSPS Active Research Sponsored Grants from CY2002, see the Appendix: Report on External Funding.